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EXPERTS GROUP ON MARITIME SAFETY,
ANALYSIS OF THE BASIC
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

A. Institutional Arrangements

All the economies have at least one agency responsible for the administration and regulation of the maritime safety activities specified except for vessel classification, provision of oil spill response and representative at the International Maritime Organization/ILO. The difference from a economy to another is that some economies gave the responsibility of the administration and regulation of the maritime safety activities specified to one body (41.7%) as oppose to other economies who gave it to more than one (58.3%).

The regulatory, administrative and legislative powers given to the bodies are very alike. Development and reviewing of marine legislation, investigation and licensing of ships are just a few of the powers given to them. The majority (83.3%) of the bodies are funded by central government and the majority (66.7%) of them maintain a database of maritime safety problems arising in their jurisdiction.

(1) List, or describe the agencies responsible for the administration and regulation of the following maritime safety activities:

All the economies have agencies responsible for the administration and regulation of the majority of safety activities.

MARITIME SAFETY ACTIVITIES	Economies who have an agency responsible
Administration of safety regulations	12/12
Vessel manning services	12/12
Vessel classification	9/12
Vessel survey	12/12
Port State control inspections	12/12
Flag State inspections	12/12
Vessel registration	12/12
Marine search and rescue	12/12
Provision of oil spill response	11/12
Provision and maintenance of navigational aids	12/12
Investigation and reporting of marine accidents	12/12
Representation at the International Maritime Organization/ILO	11/12
Implementing of International Maritime conventions/ILO	12/12
Pilotage	12/12
Salvage	12/12

(2) Briefly describe the regulatory, administrative and legislative powers of the bodies listed above

2 of the 12 economies have given the regulatory, administrative and legislative powers to a single body. This body is responsible of the whole regulatory, administrative and legislative affairs concerning all maritime activities.

4 of the 9 other economies have given the regulatory, administrative and legislative powers to two or more bodies. Each body has his own powers and the majority of the powers are described in regulations.

Many powers have been given to the different bodies. Here are the most common:

development and review of marine legislation
investigation of marine accidents
licensing of ships
establishment of safety standards relating to entry into the maritime transport system
monitoring adherence to the safety standards within the maritime transport system
control of domestic and ocean-going shipping business
interpretation and development of international convention
search and rescue
ensure navigational safety
co-ordinate matters relating to environment protection

(3) Are these bodies funded by the central government, by commercial operations or by industry taxes, charge or levies? Please specify.

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT	10/12
CHARGE	3/12
COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS	2/12
LEVIES	2/12
MIX OF ALL	2/12

(4) Do any of these organizations maintain a database of maritime safety problems arising in your jurisdiction?

YES	9/12
NO	3/12

(5) Is non-membership in various UN Organizations (e.g. ILO/IMO) problematic for your economy in achieving solutions to maritime safety issues?

YES	0/12
NO	12/12

B. Current Maritime Safety Program

All the economies have cooperative agreements with other economies concerning certain areas of maritime safety (such as port state control, oil spill response and marine search and rescue) but many of them do not have cooperative agreements concerning crucial areas of maritime safety. Vessel survey, navigational aids, vessel classification and accident investigation are just a few of the areas. Having these agreements could help solve many problems.

The majority (66.7%) of the 12 economies are giving effect to one or more marine conventions for the first time. STCW 95, the ISM Code and MARPOL are just a few of them. Many Maritime conventions and programs related to safety (such as STCW 95, ISM Code, MARPOL and IMO recommendations) are being implemented in 1998.

(6) Does your economy have any cooperative agreements, or Memorandum of Understanding with any economies or economies concerning activity in the areas of maritime safety listed below? Please nominate the economies involved and the name of the agreement. For example, the Tokyo MOU for Port State Control.

AREAS OF MARITIME SAFETY	YES	NO
Port State Control	11	1
Oil spill response	8	4
Training of seafarers	3	9
Accident investigation	2	10
Vessel survey	0	12
Vessel classification	2	10
Navigational aids	1	11
Marine search and rescue	8	4

(7) Is your economy currently giving effect to one or more marine conventions for the first time? Please list the conventions.

YES	8/12
NO	4/12

STCW 95	4/8
SOLAS (ISM CODE)	3/8
MARPOL	3/8
OPRC 1990	2/8
International Convention on Salvage 1989	2/8
International Convention for the Safe Containers 1972	2/8
International Conventions on Load Lines 1966	2/8
CLC AND FUND CONVENTIONS	1/8
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other Matter	1/8
International Conventions for the Safety of Ships 1974	1/8
United National Convention for Law of Sea	1/8

(8) Outline Maritime conventions to be implemented in 1998.

STCW 95	7/12
SOLAS (ISM CODE)	7/12
MARPOL	3/12
CLC & FUND CONVENTIONS	2/12
GMDSS	1/12
OPRC 1990	1/12
International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund Convention	1/12
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and other Matter	1/12

(9) Outline Maritime programs related to safety to be implemented in 1998.

SOLAS (amendments and ISM CODE)	6/12
STCW 95	4/12
IMO recommendations	2/12
Increasing Port State Control inspection	2/12

The remainder of the Maritime programs related to safety being implemented are not alike but are numerous and relevant:

revision of rules and regulations related to Marine Safety
improvement of Seamen’s quality and working conditions
elevation of ship’s safety
strengthening of Safety management system of shipping company
reinforcement of safe marine traffic environment
promotion of International co-operation related to marine safety
offering of special training courses: GMDSS simulator, fire fighting, etc.

Remarks: Chile and Japan - Will not implement any Maritime programs related to safety in 1998.

C. Legislative Issues

When formulating or amending national laws or regulations to IMO or ILO standards, the most significant impediments encountered are the time taken to develop or amend appropriate laws (75%) and the commercial impact on the industry.

When operating or enforcing maritime safety regulations, the most significant impediments encountered are the inadequate resources (50%) and the lack of appropriate expertise. These two problems are not easy to deal with because both would incur cost.

(10) In formulating or amending national laws or regulations to IMO or ILO standards, what are the most significant impediments encountered.

Time taken to develop or amend appropriate laws	9/12
Impact (commercial considerations, economic, technological, human resources, etc.)	4/12
Creating framework to give effect to new regulations	3/12
Availability to technical skills, knowledge or training	3/12
Translation to national language	2/12
Contravenes national maritime policy	2/12
Communicating changes to industry	1/12
Lengthy regulative process	1/12
To many amendments	1/12
Fragmented maritime regulatory bodies	1/12

(11) In operating or enforcing maritime safety regulations what are the most significant impediments encountered?

Inadequate resources	6/12
Appropriate expertise	4/12
Technology	3/12
Administration	2/12
Failure of flag states to implement standards	2/12
No appropriate legislative framework	1/12
Consistency in implementing regulations	1/12
Inadequate resources	1/12
Busy ship schedule	1/12
To many amendments	1/12
Economic and technological reasons	1/12

D. Commercial Issues

The majority (91.7%) of the 12 economies have an established forum for liaison and communication with the maritime industry about maritime safety practices. In doing this, the bodies take the opinion of the industry in consideration.

Marine insurance is readily available in some form. 33.3% say that is available from a national organization and 25% say it is available from a foreign underwriter. 41.7% of the 12 economies says it is available from both.

(12) Does your economy have an established forum for liaison and communication with the maritime industry about maritime safety practices?

YES	11/12
NO	1/12

(13) Is marine insurance readily available through a national organization or can it only be obtained from a foreign underwriter?

NATIONAL ORGANIZATION	4/12
FOREIGN UNDERWRITER	3/12
BOTH	5/12

E. Maritime Safety Issues

Many problems related to Institutional Economic and Legal factors are faced by each economy. The most significant are the budget (37.5%), the division of responsibility (25%) and the lack of experts (25%). The majority (75%) of the economies have addressed the problems. It has been addressed by national government and by international forum.

8 of the 9 economies who have addressed the safety problems have encountered impediments to solving the safety problems. The most significant impediments are the availability of expertise (37.5%), the lack of incentives for responsible operators (25%) and the training (25%).

(14) What are the most significant safety problems related to Institutional Economic and Legal Factors faced by your economy? (List in order of priority)

8 of the 12 economies have safety problems related to Institutional Economic and Legal Factors faced by their economy.

Budget ($)	3/8
Division of responsibility has resulted in an inconsistent approach to administration of maritime safety	2/8
Lack of experts	2/8
Failure of shipping industry parties to accept responsibility for maintaining ship safety and environmental protection	1/8
Absence of legal regime	1/8
Absence of any liability and compensation regime covering damage from incidents involving bunker and spills	1/8
Lack of sufficient resources to accomplish safety mandate	1/8
Recruitment and retention of technical personnel	1/8
No legislative authority to ban sub-standard ships from entering inland waters	1/8
High safety standards for local ships and foreign ships trading to Canada puts Canada at an economic disadvantage when competing for trade	1/8
Maintaining a safety culture with all who participate in marine transportation	1/8
Measures to prevent oil spill accidents by substandard oil tankers	1/8
Declining quality of crew and ships caused by reduced manning and operating costs both afloat and ashore	1/8
Strengthening of a market in which safety has a value	1/8
Regulations	1/8
Technology	1/8

(15) Are the problem(s) currently being addressed by Safety agency, national government, maritime program or international forum?

9 of the 12 economies have addressed the safety problems. Some economies are addressing the problems by more than one approach.

SAFETY AGENCY	1/9
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT	5/9
MARITIME PROGRAM	0/9
INTERNATIONAL FORUM	5/9

(16) What are the impediments to solving the problem(s) (e.g. inadequate national law, regulation, technology, or availability of appropriate expertise, training).

8 of the 12 economies have encountered impediments to solving the safety problems.

Availability of expertise	3/8
Lack of incentives for responsible operators	2/8
Training	2/8
Insufficient rewards for operating vessels at high safety standards compared to competitors	1/8
Variable approach to the adoption of international safety instruments	1/8
Inappropriate risk management practices by some players in the shipping industry	1/8
Time taken to gain consensus to resolve maritime safety problems at international level	1/8
Market conditions	1/8
Administration	1/8
Inadequate resources	1/8
Technology	1/8
No appropriate legislative framework	1/8

F. Experts Group Work Program

Numerous action/project/work could be undertaken by the Experts Group which would contribute to solving the problems identified previously. The most significant one would be a greater exchange of experts in maritime safety matters (33.3%). This would benefit to smaller economies who do not have the money to pay experts. Due to the minimal cost, this action/project/work would be in the best interest of all the economies.

(17) What action/project/work could be undertaken by the Experts Group which would contribute to solving the problems you have identified?

A greater exchange of experts in maritime safety matters	2/6
Experiences and technology exchanges for improving methods and procedures	1/6
Information exchange in the implementation regarding International Agreements	1/6
Programs exchange to promote the safety in fishing activities	1/6
Identification of assistance in developing effective maritime framework (including enabling legislation for economies that lack this)	1/6
Technical assistance for personnel actually working in activities related with maritime safety	1/6
Assessment of the competitive advantage of non-compliance with international conventions for ships operating in the APEC region	1/6
Assessment of the impact of implementation of the ISM Code from July 1^st 1998 on competition from sub-standard shipping in the APEC region	1/6
Establishment of a system to evaluate the condition and circumstances relating to maritime safety in each economy to promote maritime safety culture and public concern related to	1/6

IDENTIFICATION OF MARITIME SAFETY ISSUES IN THE APEC REGION

WHAT ARE THE MAJOR SAFETY ISSUES AFFECTING YOUR ECONOMY?

Priority: ?Y = yes ?N = no

?L = low ?M = medium ?H = high

N.B. The following questions have not been answered by all the participants. Japan did not answer any question.

1. CREWS

In the field of crews, the most significant issues affecting the economy of the majority of the participants are training and compliance with STCW 95.

	NUMBER OF RESPONSES
ISSUES
	Y				N				Others
	Y	H	M	L	N	H	M	L	H	M
a) Training		1	3	1	4	1			1
b) Certification		1	1	1	5	1			1
c) Compliance with STCW 95	1	4			4	1
d) Bridge Resource Management		1	1		6	1
e) Safe manning		1	2		5	1
f) Other issues	1		1		4

2. NAVIGATION

In the field of navigation, the most significant issues affecting the economy of the majority of the participants are new technology and compliance with international conventions, standards, etc.

	NUMBER OF RESPONSES
ISSUES	Y					N					Others
	Y	H	M	L	N		H	M	L	H		M
a) New technology		3	1		4		1
b) Aids to navigation		2	1		5		1
c) Ship routing		1	1		6		1
d) Hydrographic		1	1		6		1
e) COLREG enforcement		1	1		6		1
f) Compliance with international conventions, standards, etc.		2	1	2	3		1
g) Other issues					5		1

3. CARGOES

In the field of cargoes, the most significant issues affecting the economy of the majority of the participants are stowage, hazardous cargoes and compliance with international conventions, standards, etc.

	NUMBER OF RESPONSES
ISSUES
	Y					N					Others
	Y	H	M	L	N		H	M	L	H		M
a) Stowage		2	1	1	4		1
b) Securing		2	1		5		1
c) Hazardous cargoes		3	1		4		1					1
d) Dangerous goods		3			5		1					1
e) Stability		2	1		5		1
f) Compliance with international conventions, standards, etc.		2	1	2	3		1
g) Other issues					4							1

4. CONSTRUCTION

In the field of construction, the most significant issues affecting the economy of the majority of the participants are hull deterioration, seaworthiness and compliance with international conventions, standards, etc.

	NUMBER OF RESPONSES
ISSUES
	Y					N					Others
	Y	H	M	L	N		H	M	L	H		M
a) Hull design		2	1		5		1
b) Stability		2	1		5		1
c) Fire protection		2	1		5		1
d) Hull deterioration		3		1	4		1
e) Seaworthiness		3			5		1
f) Compliance with international conventions, standards, etc.		3	1	2	3		1
g) Other issues					5

5. RADIO

In the field of radio, the most significant issues affecting the economy of the majority of the participants are shore based infrastructure, determination of sea areas and GMDSS readiness.

	NUMBER OF RESPONSES
ISSUES
	Y					N					Others
	Y	H	M	L	N		H	M	L	H		M
a) Shore based infrastructure		3	2		4		1
b) Determination of sea areas		4	1		4		1
c) Operator training		2	2		4		1
d) GMDSS ready		3	1	1	3		1
e) Other issues					4

6. EQUIPMENT APPROVALS

In the field of equipment approvals, the most significant issues affecting the economy of the majority of the participants are procedures and compliance with international conventions, standards, etc.

	NUMBER OF RESPONSES
ISSUES
	Y					N					Others
	Y	H	M	L	N		H	M	L	H		M
a) Procedures		2	2		5		1
b) Acceptance		2	1		6		1
c) Delegation		1	2		6		1
d) Compliance with international conventions, standards, etc.		2	2	1	4		1
e) Other issues			1		5

7. INSPECTIONS (Convention ships)

In the field of convention ships inspections, the most significant issues affecting the economy of the majority of the participants are procedures, training/qualifications of inspectors, ISM Code preparedness and workloads.

	NUMBER OF RESPONSES
ISSUES
	Y					N					Others
	Y	H	M	L	N		H	M	L	H		M
a) Procedures		2	2		5		1
b) Economy inspectors		2	1	1	5		1
c) Delegated inspectors (e.g. class)		1	2	1	5		1
d) Training/qualifications of inspectors		1	4		4		1			1
e) Exemptions		1	2	1	5		1
f) ISM Code preparedness		4			5		1			1
g) Workloads		4	1		5
h) Other issues			1		5

8. INSPECTIONS (Domestic ships)

In the field of domestic ships inspections, the most significant issues affecting the economy of the majority of the participants are procedures, training/qualifications of inspectors, workloads and compliance with domestic regulations.

	NUMBER OF RESPONSES
ISSUES
	Y					N					Others
	Y	H	M	L	N		H	M	L	H		M
a) Procedures		1	2		4		1			2
b) Economy inspectors		1	1	1	5		1
c) Delegated inspectors (e.g. class)		1	1	1	5		1
d) Training/qualifications of inspectors		1	2	1	4		1			1
e) Exemptions			2	1	5		1
f) Workloads		3	1	1	4					1
g) Compliance with domestic regulations		2	1		4		1		1	2
h) Other issues			1		5

9. PORT STATE CONTROL

In the field port state control, the most significant issues affecting the economy of the majority of the participants are economy inspectors, training/qualifications of inspectors and database control.

	NUMBER OF RESPONSES
ISSUES
	Y					N					Others
	Y	H	M	L	N		H	M	L	H		M
a) Procedures		2	1	2	4		1			1
b) Economy inspectors	1	2	2	1	3		1
c) Training/qualifications of inspectors	1	2	3		3		1			1
d) Database control		2	4		3		1			1
e) Informatics equipment		1	1	2	5		1			1

10. TYPE OF INSPECTIONS

In the field of type of inspections, the most significant issues affecting the economy of the majority of the participants are crude oil carriers, chemical tankers, container ships and ferries.

	NUMBER OF RESPONSES
ISSUES
	Y					N					Others
	Y	H	M	L	N		H	M	L	H		M
a) Cargo ships		2	1	1	5		1
b) Bulk carriers		1	2	1	5		1
c) Crude oil carriers		1	3	1	4		1
d) Chemical tankers		1	3	1	4		1
e) Gas carriers		1	2	2	4		1
f) Small vessels		1	2	2	4		1
g) Container ships		1	3	1	4		1
h) Ferries		2	2	1	4		1
i) Fishing vessels		2		2	4		1

11. POLLUTION PREVENTION & RESPONSE

In the field of pollution prevention & response, the most significant issues affecting the economy of the majority of the participants are training/qualifications of inspectors, equipment and reporting.

	NUMBER OF RESPONSES
ISSUES
	Y					N					Others
	Y	H	M	L	N		H	M	L	H		M
a) Procedures		2	3		4		1
b) Economy inspectors		1	2	2	4		1
c) Training/qualifications of inspectors		3	1	1	4		1
d) Equipment		1	5	1	3					1
e) Reporting		2	3	1	3		1

12. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL

In the field of environmental control, all the issues affecting the economy of the majority of the participants are significant.

	NUMBER OF RESPONSES
ISSUES
	Y					N					Others
	Y	H	M	L	N		H	M	L	H		M
a) Ballast water exchange		3	1	2	3		1
b) INF		2	2	2	3		1
c) Air pollution		1	4	1	2		1

13. SEARCH AND RESCUE

In the field of search and rescue, the most significant issues affecting the economy of the majority of the participants are availability, capability and training.

	NUMBER OF RESPONSES
ISSUES	Y					N					Others
	Y	H	M	L	N		H	M	L	H		M
a) Availability		4	1		4		1
b) Capability		4	1		4		1
c) Reliability		3	2		4		1
d) Equipment standards		3	2		4		1
e) Training		3	2	1	3				1
f) Other issues		2	1		4		1

14. CASUALTY INVESTIGATIONS

In the field of casualty investigations, the most significant issues affecting the economy of the majority of the participants are procedures, economy inspectors and training/qualifications of inspectors.

	NUMBER OF RESPONSES
ISSUES
	Y					N					Others
	Y	H	M	L	N		H	M	L	H		M
a) Procedures		4		1	4		1
b) Economy inspectors	1	4	1		3		1
c) Training/qualifications of inspectors	1	4	2		3					1
d) Co-operation between affected parties		2	1	1	5		1
e) Follow-up on recommendations		1	1	3	4

15. FACILITATION

In the field of facilitation, the most significant issues affecting the economy of the majority of the participants are standardized reporting forms and communication with other marine administrations.

	NUMBER OF RESPONSES
ISSUES
	Y					N					Others
	Y	H	M	L	N		H	M	L	H		M
a) Standardized reporting forms		2	2	2	3		1			1
b) Communication with other marine administrations		3	2	1	3		1			1
c) Ship/port interface		2	2	1	4		1

This page was last updated on 12 March, 2008

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EXPERTS GROUP ON MARITIME SAFETY, ANALYSIS OF THE BASIC SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

EXPERTS GROUP ON MARITIME SAFETY,
ANALYSIS OF THE BASIC
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE